Ramadhaan & Fasting

Q: If you get your period (haidh) during the latter part of the day (e.g. an hour before maghrib), does your fast break and is qadha necessary or is the fast accepted?

Q: I live in one region and work at another. Most of the time it happens, that the first day of Ramadhan/Eid in both regions differs. Like, the region of my home has the first day of Ramadhan and Eid one day before the region of my work. I am always at my work region at the start of Ramadhan and for Eid I always go to my home region. By doing so I usually end up having one day less of Ramadhan (one less roza) 28 Days of Ramadhan instead of 29.

Please advise how should I proceed with this. Should I start Ramadhan with my home region even while I'm in my work region although all the other people are not having Ramadhan there? Or Should I fulfill that one day of Ramadhan after the Eid in my home region?

Q: How exactly should I spend my Ramadhaan? I really want to make a difference in myself and my life, but what should I do that will help with my character so I can improve in Ramadhaan and after Ramadhaan as well? Also, what other ibaadah can I perform besides nafl salaah?

Q: As the month of Ramadhaan approaches, I would like to ask the following:

1. If a person goes to sleep and upon waking up for sehri, he notices he is in need for a compulsory ghusal due to a dream he had. Can that person eat sehri, START HIS FAST and thereafter have a ghusal before fajr?

2. Or should he have a ghusal before sehri? (What if there is a fear of missing sehri?)

3. If a person does have a ghusal AFTER sehri before fajr, ONCE HE STARTED HIS FAST, will his fast be accepted/valid?

Q: Can a person gargle and make istinshaaq before sehri ends and thereafter make ghusal? 

Q:  

1. Prior to 1 year earlier, I did not know that masturbation breaks the fast and I used to do it in the state of fasting. Do I still have to make qada even if I did not know it at that time?

2. If yes, how should I calculate how many fasts I should make qada for? I am not sure how many of my fasts were broken like this. How many qadas should I make if I did not know this for 5-6 years after becoming baligh?

3. Should I make qada for all the fasts for the past 5-6 years or is there a specific number I can keep to make it alright?

4. Am I obligated to keep all the qada fasts together or can I keep them once or twice a week?

Q: Can I offer my parents missed salaahs as they both have died (may Allah bless their souls and forgive them) or should I pay fidyah for their missed salaahs and fasts so that Allah almighty may forgive them for not being regular in their salaah and fasting. 

Q:

1. Does a pap smear break the fast?

2. Does an internal break the fast?

Q: Does permission need to be sought from one's parents in order to fast a sunnat/nafl/qadha fast? If the parent tells the child (baaligh) not to observe a sunnat/nafl fast due to the parents feeling the child will not manage, should the child listen to the parents or continue with the fast?

Q: Is it permissible to make a non baaligh child fast nafl fasts?