Salaah

Q: If a person misses a wajib of salaah unintentionally or because they did not have knowledge of the particular action, must they read the salaah again? What if this salaah is Asr salaah, can they read it again in the asr time?

Q: I am situated an area where Hanafi madhhab is minority, and I regularly lead the salaah at the local Musallah. I am a Hanafi. Please can you clarify the following, as I don't want to create any confusion in the community:

1. Is it permissible for me to lead the Asr salaah, even though the Shafiee time is followed?
2. For Fajr and Zohr salaah, if I have not performed my sunnats as yet, should I decline to lead the salaah?
3. When leading taraweeh: If majority of the jamaat performs the sajdah ​tilaawat in 17th para, and not the sajdah in 23th para, do I have to do this as well, or do I do as I have been taught?
4. Witr in Ramadaan: Can I lead the witr, as I believe the Shafiee method is different?
5. Recently, one of the brothers, while leading salaah performed sajdah sahw, by making both salaams, then 2 sajdahs, then immediately 2 salaams to end the ​salaah. Is the salaah correct, as I have been taught differently?
6. I notice that the Imaams in the area say something in Arabic before the salaah, which I believe is related to straightening the saffs. Is this a sunnat, and if so, what exactly should I say.

Q: When I perform Salaah alone, should I recite Bismillahir Rahmanir Raheem before Surah Fatiha in every rakaat of Salaah? Also, should I recite Bismillahir Rahmanir Raheem after saying Aameen and before I start another Surah?

Q: When a baby is born what is the procedure for Azaan and Iqaamt in the ear?

Q: If one does not know dua e qunoot what should he recite in place of it?

Q: Is it permissible to have congregational duaa after fardh salaah? The masjid I go to does congregational duaa after salaah but I have heard that this is not a sunnah practice.

Q: I have seen scores of pigeons roosting in many Masjids.  They keep flying around and a lot of their droppings are found on the prayer mat, some dry and some fresh.  I had the opportunity to witness so much droppings continuously being made by the pigeons roosting in Jama Masjid in Delhi during my visit once, when I had gone to offer my Dhuhr Salaah with the Jamaath.

I require the following clarification.

1. Is our Salaah valid if offered at such a place full of pigeons' droppings, dry or fresh?

2. Do we have to clean only the spot of the droppings if they fall on our clothes if we are in a state of Wudhu or do we have to do our Wudhu all over
again?

3. Similarly, I have witnessed the same scenes at many Eidgahs in different cities during my travel, during Eid Salaah, where sheep/goat droppings/cattle dung are found all around dry or fresh, which the people responsible for the maintenance of the Eidgahs neglect to clean. Is our Salaah valid in such places?  

4. What is the Shariah Ruling on these kind of najis?

Q: In some kitaabs like taalifat rashidiyyah it is written that it is mustahab to repeat the salaah prayed behind a faasiq (the one who trim or shave less than a fist lenght) and in ahsanul fatawa it is writen that if the salaah of a muqtadi become makrooh due to the salaah of imaam become makrooh. What is understood is that it is mustahab for the muqtadi to repeat the salaah prayed behind a faasiq. Please confirm?

Q: A person who is "saahibut tarteeb" was sitting in the jumuah bayaan when he realised that he hadn't performed fajr. He then planned that he will read his qada when everyone is reading their sunnats after the bayaan, before the khutba. However he had a dire need to go to the toilet and only returned when the Imaam was on the mimbar and azaan was called. So he sat for the khutba, read jumuah and performed his fajr qada after the jumuah salaah.

1. Is what he did correct?
2. If not, what must he do to rectify his actions?

Q: Please can you advise how many rakaats to be read for Tauhajud and can one recite any surahs and also how many rakaats to be performed together?