Masaail pertaining to the Wali and Compatibility between spouses

Q: My friend wants to marry. His mother is a Muslim but not religious and not practising (does not cover herself properly, no 5-time prayer, etc) and even has a boyfriend (she was divorced a while ago). My friend asked me how to approach a girl in university? Obviously, the proper way is through the parents, elders or imams, etc. Actually, I personally also need guidance on this matter. He says "since my mum is not religious, I cannot really approach the girl to speak and deliver my proposal as mum is not interested and would not be really helpful in this matter since she herself is involved in a haram relationship..."

Please, advise us on this topic. How to approach a girl whom you would like to propose? For example, if the girl is with several female friends at university, and they are near but do not hear the conversation between us, is this allowed? Or write something on a paper and give it to her in the presence of her friends (without writing any contact info except phone number just to hear her response, or write in the letter to give it back if she only sees him with friends, just letting her know about the intention to meet with her in front of her mahrams?) How can my friend eventually "catch" a girl at university in this case? I guess parents/elders/imaam will not go to university for this? 

Q:

1. Is there equality in marriage between a Gujarati boy and a Pashtun girl?

2. Is there equality in lineage between Gujaratis and Pashtuns?

Q: I have an adopted girl (minor). I want to perform my Nikah with her. How can that be done as usually its the guardian that would do this but I am the guardian.

Q: My elder sister is a divorcee and is 38 years old now. Last 10-12 years she was in love with a Hindu boy who is ready to convert to Islam for marriage. My Mom did not apporve of this relationship and passed away 5 months back. My sister is not ready to marry anybody else and says she will only marry that boy. My question is, if the boy is ready to convert to islam can this marriage be done and what should be done for him to become a muslim?

Q: Can a Sayyid marry a Turk?

Q: Can a woman get married without the approval of her wali?

Q: I'm a doctor by profession and inshallah a child specialist very soon... I am 29 years old... My father wants me to marry his nephew who is a laboratary technician and works in a lab... I personally don't want to marry him because I want that someone should be of my rank at least, other wise my friends and others will make fun of me.

Now, my father is insisting on his point of view for the last 10 years... He rejects proposals from outside and my parents continuously force that my cousins proposal is a good proposal... They say that If I marry out of the family then I will suffer a lot... The boy can beat me and send me home.

I'm stuck between not to marrying my cousin and the fear of marrying intp an unknown family. I want to ask whether I should do as my parents my parents say as they are old and in depression? They even curse me that I am the reason behind their distress and suffering and if I will not follow their wish, I will never be happy. Please guide me.

Q: If an adult girl, without permission of Islamic legal guardian, decides to get married to a guy, with whom she had a sexual affair with, would it be equivalent to Islamic Nikkah? If not, what contradictions apply to this situation in light of Islam?

Q: My father and my mother has been divorced and I live with my mother. My father lives far from us and does not want to have any contact with me. I want to be in contact with him but he does not want to. I am getting married soon so can I just take permission from him over the phone or is his presence necessary at the time of nikkah?

Q: There is a Syed family who adopted a son whose parents are non-Muslims. The adopted son is a good practicing Muslim and he has good character as well. The family wants to marry him with a Syed zadi. Is it possible or not?