Zakaat

Zakaat on ingredients found in the home when doing home industry

Q: Consider a home business... Now and then I bake and sell some cakes etc. Please advise on zakaat. I don't have "stock" on hand...I only have ingredients, the product I am selling needs to be "made". 

1.Can I pay zakaat from my cash earnings only or do I have to calculate the value of any of my ingredients and pay as well? 

2. If I also have to pay on the value of any ingredients, how do I go about it? It will be very hard to calculate as I use these ingredients for my normal household use as well, it is only some of it that is used in the cakes I will sell.

Zakaat on gold, silver and jewellery

Q: 

1. Is zakaah given on sterling silver? 

2. Is zakaah given on silver-plated jewellery and gold-plated jewellery? 

3. If the government of a country gives money to a person up to the age of 18, and after the person turns 18, they do not spend from it and have to ask their parents if they want to get money from it, but the parents themselves do not allow it and pay for things themselves for the person, is zakaah due on this money? 

4. Is it permissible to give more zakaah than calculated if you think you might have missed out some potential jewellery that you own in the calculations?

Deducting long term debts when calculating zakaat

Q: I have a question regarding zakaat. 

I follow the Hanafi madhab. I have an Islamic home loan and car loan (Musharakah Agreement) via an Islamic bank. The home loan is 15 years for the house and 6 years for the car. I also have a savings account for investment purposes and I intend to use some of the funds for Hajj. 

I have read via the an Islamic newsletter on zakaat that for long term loans such as home loans and car installments, which does not require immediate payment, we must deduct the money owed for a year and not the full amount. If I deduct the full debt amount I won't be liable for zakaat. If I deduct the 1 year payment only, I will be liable to pay zakaat. 

Please confirm if my understanding is correct and I must only deduct 1 years payment? Please advise if I must proceed with deducting the 1 year debt and not the full debt. 

Receiving zakaat if one owns more than the nisaab amount

Q: I am a 30 year old female not married and staying with my parents. I am not earning and do not have a job. My parents do not provide me with money. I have to sell things and make do. I have food on the table, I have jewellery of my own, some which I had bought when I had money and some was given to me. It exceeds zakaat nisaab. 

I try my best to pay all my zakaat. I am currently falling back on my zakaat. Is it permissible for me to collect zakaat even though I have jewellery?