Zakaat

Can the Imaam al-Muslimeen compel someone to discharge his zakaat

Q: I would like to inquire: if an individual deliberately refuses to pay Zakaat, does the Imaam al-Muslimeen have the authority to compel him to discharge this obligatory duty? 

I have read that the Fuqaha make a distinction between amwaal-e-zahirah and amwaal-e-batinah. Could you kindly explain this further and provide references from the books of Fiqh?

Receiving one's salary on one's zakaat date

Q: I am sahib-e nisaab Alhamdulillah, however my regular monthly pay mostly gets consumed by the next pay date. If I receive my pay on the zakaat anniversary date, should I include that pay's amount while calculating zakaat, or whether I should calculate the zakaat on my remaining assets after deducting the following month's expenses? 

Also, what sort of future expenses are permitted to be deducted before calculating zakaat on one's zakaat anniversay date?

Paying zakaat once one acquires one's share of the inheritance

Q: Regarding inheritance/working out zakaat, an estate has only money, no business, etc. 

The house and car of the deceased was already given to his wife in his lifetime - it was accepted and agreed by all during his lifetime that it belongs to his wife. 

The person passed away 3 years ago - the estate got sorted out last week and shares were given. 

Must the zakaat be give for all the previous years while they were sorting out the inheritance? 

And when do they pay zakaat for the share that was received? Should it be paid now or would they wait for a year to pay it?

Misusing funds donated for a specific purpose

Q: There is a Moulana running a school for special needs children. The school was renting a premises and were looking to purchase a property. 

The Moulana told me a property was identified which would be suitable for the school. I donated 1 million rand for the purchase of the house. 

Few days later I found out that the Moulana gave the money to Hawala people as an investment. I therefore went to him and asked for the donation back as he did not use the money for what I gave (and it was clear that it was for the property). 

The Moulana confirmed my finding but said the school will get returns and I cannot get my money back because it's like I'm licking my vomit to ask for it back in light of the Shariah. 

I did not make him the owner of the money. Rather he was supposed to purchase a property with it which he did not do. I would like to know if I can demand my money back in light of the Shariah and use it in for another Lillah project.

Zakaat on a lost gold ring

Q: My wife took out her gold ring to make wudhu at home and then forgot where she left it. This happened last week. 

We searched high and low for it, in the cupboards, drawers, and in every part of the house (in the kitchen, under the sofa, or any other place possible). 

After searching extensively, we have now lost hope of finding it, and we now suspect the helper may have snatched it. Will my wife need to pay zakaat on the ring?