Factors that break and don't break the fast

Q: My mother is due for her eye injection in the month of Ramadan (the injection is in the eye). The doctor advises that she doesn't skip it.  Is it permissible to take it?  Will it break the fast or not? 

Q: Does a nosebleed break the fast if the blood did not reach the mouth, but blood went down the throat through the nose only?

Q: If a fasting person forgets that he is fasting and vapes or smokes a cigarette, will his fast break? If the fast is broken, will only qadha be compulsory or qadha and kaffaarah?

Q: Does the colour of food (caused by spices, etc.) remaining on the tongue invalidate the fast when swallowed?

Q: If a woman kept a nafl fast and her haidh came during the day, will she have to make qadha of that fast?

Q: I have a problem of bleeding gums. The bleeding occurs anytime during the day or night. Sometimes I am unaware of it and other times I spit and rinse my mouth when I get taste in my mouth. My questions are 

1. How do I maintain wudu in this state? This is causing me to perform wudu multiple times sometimes. 

2. How do I fast? I try my best to rinse my mouth continuously when I am awake to avoid swallowing. But I am worried about when I am asleep and don't know if I swallowed or not. 

3. If my fasts are becoming invalid what is the kaffarah I need to pay? Should I pay for all the previous Ramadans because I am not sure about when I started suffering from the bleeding gums problem.

Q: If a person was fasting and icing sugar or bicarb blew and the taste went in the mouth (like through the nose) by mistake, is the fast valid?

Q: At asr time, one went to toilet and noticed a change of colour in ones discharge however one was unsure whether it was haidh or not. At maghrib time, after breaking the fast; before performing maghrib salaah; one saw that ones haidh had commenced. 

Will this fast be valid or will one have to repeat it?

Q: Does touching the private parts and pubic hair break the fast?