Qadha and Kaffara

Covering up for missed fasts

Q: I had 7 days that I needed to payback from Ramadan 2015 due to monthly menstruation. In Ramadan 2016 I missed paying back those 7 days and I did not participate in Ramadan 2016 because I traveled to Africa. For first time my intention was to pay back my fast there in Africa being the time would be less hours to fast and I usually leave it until 2 weeks prior to Ramadan. I was not able to fast or pay back missed fast because I found out I was pregnant and became sick with fever, nausea and no appetite. What do I do now that I have missed all those days of fasting and now I'm still having irregular bleeding on and off and I'm breastfeeding my 2 months old baby?

Diabetic breaking his fast

Q: A diabetic, against the advice of a medical practitioner, fasts during the month of Ramadhan. Most days he manages quite well and is able to complete the fast. But now and then, he experiences hypoglycemia (very low blood sugar level) and then there is no alternative but to eat something immediately as otherwise it can lead to unconsciousness or coma within 2 minutes.

In the circumstances, what then is the penalty (if any) for each fast so broken and is it imperative to make up the missed fasts after Ramadhan or is one excused? And is Kaffara also payable and, if so, how much for each broken fast?

Breaking one's fast due to being intimate with one's wife

Q: During ramadhaan, whilst fasting I got intimate with my wife. We did not have actual relations at first but satisfied one another using our hands. i.e: I made inzaal. And satisfied her using my hands. However after that before iftaar, thinking that our fasts are already broken, we ate food and we had actual relations. Will kaffaarah become binding or only qadha? I am studying aalim course and I know what I did requires a lot of reformation and taubah but from what I understand, there will only be qadha in this case and no kaffaarah. Please advise.

Making qadha due to eating sehri after fajr time sets in

Q: On the first day of Ramadhaan I did not know about the 18 degrees fajr time so I ate suhoor after fajr entered according to 18 degrees fajr time. After the first day I found out about the 18 degrees fajr time and how its more accurate than 15 degrees so I started following that after the first day. Regarding that first day, since I did not know about the 18 degrees fajr time, do I have to make it up? And do I have to make it up immediately after Ramadhaan or any time up until the next Ramadhaan?