Calculating zakaat

Q: One year ago I got married. My wife was gifted with gold from her parents and my parents too. The gold qualifies the "nisab" amount. She is a domestic wife. First I planned to pay zakaat on the the gold in a lumpsum after one year. But being a salaried person I could not do it as per my planning. Now I intend to pay a certain portion of zakaat from my salary each month. Please guide me on how should I calculate zakaat. For example on completion of the first year, the rate of gold was different from now.

Q: I know that zakaat should be paid annually, so I usually pay my zakaat on 22 Zul Hijjah every year. This year, I wish to pay my zakaat in Ramadhaan. Is this permissible, even though one full year has not passed, or do I have to wait until 22 Zul Hijjah again?

Q: I wrote my gate exam. If I get qualified or get a rank then I will get a monthly stipend for my m.tech, around 12 500. Do I have to pay zakaat on that money?

If yes, then tell me the procedure. I mean is it compulsory on me to search for a needy person and give him or can I give it to anyone? Can it be added to an investment for the welfare of people/community by saving for public requirements in villages like for well, hospitals etc.?

Q: I am trying to understand a masala. For example:

Zaid takes a loan of $5,000 from his brother, and his brother tells him to pay $200/month, but Zaid doesn't pay every single month, but on and off. Would it be necessary to deduct however much money Zaid owes his brother of that loan when calculating Zakat or Zaid will not deduct anything because his brother is not asking for the money?

At the same time, Zaid's brother did not verbally mention to him that he has pardoned the debt. Would qiyas—here— be made on مهر مؤجل, in terms of it not being deducted because of عدم المطالبة عادة? 

Q: In your fatwa copied below, please advise if the unmarried girl does not know about (or does not have true possession ) of the jewellery. Minor girls may know it is for them but they have practically no control on it.

Zakaat on gifted jewellery

Q: Many years ago, my maternal grandmother had kept an amount of gold jewellery in order to give it to me in my marriage. Later, my mother took it from her, telling her that she would keep it safely until the marriage. So the jewellery is with my mother. Now, since I am unmarried, I have not received it yet. My question is: Who is responsible for the payment of zakah for that particular gold jewellery?

A: If your grandmother gifted the jewellery to you and your mother took the jewellery on your behalf with your knowledge and consent, then it belongs to you and zakaat is compulsory upon you.

Q: Is is permissible to discharge zakaat of gold and money before one's particular discharging zakat date?

Q: A group of people formed a company. Some of the partners say that zakaat is due annually on the date of inception. While others say each shareholder needs to pay Zakaat according to the value of his share on the day on which his Zakaat is due annually. Please advise on what date should the Zakaat for the company be calculated?

Q: If I have 20 lakh rupees in my account at the start of the year and after completion of one year this amount is increased to 30 lakh over the last twelve months gradually on monthly savings from my source of income. To my knowledge if an amount is in my possession for one year constantly, the zakat is due on that amount, therefore I assume that I should calculate my zakat on 20 lakh because the increase in my amount is month by month and full one year has not been passed over this amount. Am I correct or I should calculate my zakat on 30 lakh?

Q: I became sahib-e-nisab on my nikah day 15 years back in the month of Rabi us Sani. I have been giving out zakat every year in Rabi us Sani since then. However I was calculating the amount on random dates of Rabi us Sani as I was unaware that there should be a fixed date too. From now on, which date should be fixed?

Q: Many years ago, my maternal grandmother had kept an amount of gold jewellery in order to give it to me in my marriage. Later, my mother took it from her, telling her that she would keep it safely until the marriage. So the jewellery is with my mother.

Now, since I am unmarried, I have not received it yet. My question is: Who is responsible for the payment of zakah for that particular gold jewellery?