Tayammum

Q: Is there khilaal of the beard and fingers in Tayammum?

Q: One of my colleagues told me that you can make tayammum by touching the seat of the car or the floor of the car while traveling if you don't have water for wudu. Is this correct?

Q: If for some reason I am unable to perform wudhu due to the fact that the toilet facilities are likely to leave me more dirty then I started with, do I wait till I get home and perform wudhu and perform salaah and read the salaah as qadha or do I read Salaah at my place of work performing tayammum?

Q: Can tayamum be done on a wet stone?

Q:

1. Is niyyah necessary for tayamum?

2. Do I have to specify that I am doing tayamum for wudhu or for ghusal?

3. Do I have to specify that I am doing tayamum for a specific reason i.e for praying salaah, for janaazah, etc.?

4. If I do tayamum for janaazah, can I pray salaah with that tayamum?

5. Is tayamum valid without niyyah?

Q: If there is a shortage of water for like a day, and one has to do ghusal but he couldn't, can he perform salaah like that or does he have to delay the salaah until he finds water to do ghusal properly?

Q: Are you allowed to do tayummum with pebbles?

Q:

1. According to Bahishti Zewar, Tayammum is performed by first striking the palms of both the hands on a “clod of earth” and then passing the hands on the face. Thereafter, the palms of both hands are again struck on a clod of earth and passed over both the arms including the elbows. However, what about the feet? Are the feet not included at all?

2. In instances where a clean piece of ground is nowhere to be found, what then are the alternatives? In the situation, if one happens to have a bag of plaster sand in one’s garage, would Tayammum be valid if the plaster sand is used instead?

3. Once salaat is performed with Tayammum, is it necessary to repeat the salaat when water becomes available?

Q: In Tayammum, is it necessary that the whole palm/hand be able to touch the earth? For example, if someone is sick on a hospital bed, if a small pebble was brought to them, and when they strike this pebble, first with the right hand and then with the left hand, a very small part of the palms touches the pebble... would this taymmum be valid? So actually my questions are:

1. Can the hands strike the "earth" separately (first strike with right and then left), or do both have to strike the earth together?

2. Can tayammum be done with "earth" which is so small that the whole surface area of the palm doesn't cover the "earth". 

Q: I often do work in hospitals and come across Muslim patients. When speaking to them, I realise that they are not reading their salaah because sometimes they have urine catherters attached to them/nappys/weak in bed and unable to keep themselves paak. Some say they just don’t feel clean in hospital environment or are too weak to make wudhu, etc. How must I advise them?