Conditions for the validity of Salaah

Q: What is the last time of asr? As in how many minutes before maghrib can asr be read?

Q: Sometimes when I wake up for fajr, I wake up a little late and the time of fajr is nearly on its end. So in that circumstance can I pray only fardh? Because if I pray Sunnah, then to complete my fardh I have to rush my prayer.

Q: Can we offer Salaah wearing a T-shirt with the British flag or any other country's flag printed on it?

Q: Is it permisble to perform salaah wearing skinny jeans/ leggings/ tight fitting clothes?

Q: As I live in a city and because of the buildings, I can't always see the sky openly. How can I determine that time when salah is forbidden? Is there any trustful program to use, do you know one? I hope it is the one that shows time as salah calendar as I don’t always have wifi on at home? And also, if I didn’t make my fard yet and the forbidden time started, can I still make my salah if I see that due to some reasons I will miss it - like toilet is busy, water is going to be off, etc? How sinful is it to make salah at this time? Also, if I start salah some minutes prior to this time and ended it when this time has started, do I have to repeat my salah?

Q: Is it okay to offer Asr Salaah in Shaafi'ee time rather than Hanafi time? (I am a hanafi)

Q: My hairs are long and silky. When I perform Salaah, my hat falls off in sadja. Is it necessary to wear a hat in namaz or can I put on another thing to cover my head?

Q: Is it true that Esha time sets in one hour after Maghrib Salaah and is it permissible to perform Esha one hour after Maghrib Salaah?

Q: Can we offer Salaah in half sleeve shirt?

Q: Please advise if men can wear shorts under the kurta and read Salaah with it even if it is a bermuda and covers the satr till below the knees in. If so, is there a specific length that it needs to be?