Times of Salaah

Q: If Maghrib ends at civil twilight end (depending on the place, 30-40 minutes https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/usa/chicago ), then why do apps prescribe a completely farther time for Isha?

Q: Can I combine my prayers? I have a urine condition where if I go to the toilet, then after a few minutes, I feel that there is a drop of urine coming out.

Due to this condition, I try to not go to the toilet in the daytime so that I can perform my prayers, but it is a painful process to suppress your need to relieve yourself.

Can I combine my Zohr and Asr prayers and then perform the Esha prayer with Maghrib?

Q: Can we delay isha after midnight? If not, what is the last time to pray isha?

Q: After praying Fajr, can we offer nafl or do we have to wait after sunrise?

Q: As the Asr prayer for the Ahnaaf starts after Mithle-Thaani, in Gulf countries it starts at Mithle-Awwal and the jamaat of Asr in the Masjid is made whilst the Dhuhr time of Ahnaaf is still going on and since in each and every part of the Gulf the asr jamaat is at earlier times, what should a person do? Should he join the jamaat or should he pray alone for Asr prayer? 

Q: How many minutes after sunrise can one pray again? Is it correct that one cannot pray salah as well as quran during sunrise or only salah (qadha)?

Q: How many minutes before sunset is it not permissible to make salaah or sajdah-e-tilaawat? Some say atleast half an hour before sunset and some say about three minutes before sunset. 

Q: Is it permissible for women to read zuhr salaah on Friday before the khutbah since they are not reading jumuah?

Q: What will be the time for Nafl prayer for our dead relatives?

Q: I have to travel from Dallas to Dubai, how do I calculate onboard prayer time? Flight is for 15 hours approximately.