Conditions for the validity of Salaah

Q: I visited a senior sheikh in Cape Town who qualified in Al Azhar Egypt. The sheikh asked me to stay the night at his house. We made fajr salaah at his house in his study. I gave the iqamah and the sheikh walked into the study and led the salaah as the imaam. Only the two of us were present. The room was dark and after we had completed the salaah the light was switched on and I then only realised that the respected sheik led the fajr salaah in his underpants and a pyjama top. I was taken aback and asked the sheikh if its correct to lead salaah whilst only wearing an underpants and no long pants. The sheikh answered abruptly by saying " are you greater than Imaam Shafee and do you know better than Imaam shafee" I want to know if this was correct to make salaah in an underpants and do I perform my fajr over again as he was the imaam.

Q: Is it proper to read Salaah wearing a kurta that has short sleeves?

Q: On Fridays, should women offer the Zuhar namaz after men arrives from musjid after offering their namaz? Can women offer Friday zuhar namaz after the azaan?

Q: If a person is performing nafil salah and his watch beeps to say zawaal time has come in, should he finish the salaah as soon as possible or should he break the salaah?

Q:

1) How many minutes before and after the zawaal time is salaah not allowed?

2) If a person is performing salaah and zawaal time comes in, what happens?

3) If a person in the masjid is unknowingly performing salaah through zawaal time what should be done?

Q: If a lady experiences heavy white discharge when she was ignorant that she must wash up first and make wadhu again if she goes for Salah, are all her Salah performed in this sort of condition void? If yes, should she make Qaza in light of her assumption? Please clarify all conditions of this case and their respective solutions.

Q:

1. I prayed Fajr at about 6:02 and it expires on the calendar at about 6:06, but before I prayed I looked outside and at first I noticed it was light and at the distance I seen in the clouds a reddish smudge, like at the time of Maghrib. Can Fajr expire before the calendar time or is it 100% accurate?

2. I prayed Fajr Qada in-case and at my last rak'ah in tashahhud I didn't have khushoo as I needed to relieve myself, does this affect the validity of my prayer? I leant on one side to hold it and before tasleem I moved back.

Q: Is it impermissible to wear jeans during the namaz and also not to fold the jeans upto the heel?

Q: Asr jamaat in the Tableelighi jamaat Musjid is at 4:45 PM whereas in the Ahle Hadith Musjid it is 3:45 PM. So can I offer my asr Salaah at the Ahle Hadith Musjid?

Q: I want to know that is it permissible to offer Salaah wearing clothes on which deodorant or perfume is used?