Times of Salaah

Q: Nowadays we use a prayer time chart but we hear from Darul Uloom Deobond that this is not accurate and they quote a hadith that for calculating the time of Esha salah we have to calculate the time difference between the rising and setting of the moon in every 3rd day of the current lunar month. Suppose the difference is 1 hr 47 minute then Esha will be 1 hr 47 minuets after Magrib for the same complete month and the process will continue. What is the truth?

Q: I will be sailing on a ship from Cape Town to Sydney in Australia. Since I will be losing time going East. How can I calculate the time for Fajr?

Q: I would be leaving my country and will travel in a ship as I got selected for the Navy. I want to know on what timings I can perform Salaah on the ship as there would be no Adhaan. So, please answer on what timings to pray Salaah while travelling on a ship and if I miss Friday Salaah, how can I repent.

Q: I follow the Hanafi fiqh and the time for Asr salaah is at 6pm but I live in a city in which we only have one musjid and they read asr at the Shafi'ee time of 5:15pm. Is it okay for me to read asr with Jamaat according to the Shafi'ee fiqh even though I follow the Hanafi fiqh?

Q: I have a question regarding a person travelling through different time zones? How does one go about determining what Salaah to perform when if they are travelling from one time zone to another? For example a person intends to travel from New York city to India. A person travelling from New York city to India or a surrounding country will have lost a day in this journey. I am writing a more clear example related to my question, please kindly advise me.

I board the airplane after performing Esha salaah in New York city, it will travel via Dubia to India. When I arrive to Dubia/India, I will have lost a day. My questions are as follows:

1. Whilst the plane is in the air, what salaah do I perform (bear in mind that I performed my esha before boarding in New York city)?
2. How do I calculate the salaah times since the plane will be travelling over different countries and time zones?
3. Can a person perform salaah whilst they are seated in their seats even though they have ability and facility to perform it in normal position in the plane?

Any other clarification or explanation or additional information will be appreciated concerning this question.

Q: At work sometimes there isn't enough time to pray Asr before closing. Is it possible for me as a female to pray my salaah whilst the azaan is being given.

Q: 

1. Is it permissible to perform Esha salah according to 12 degrees as mentioned in Ahsanul Fatawa and is the salah performed valid?
2. Is it permissible to perform Fajar salah according to 12 or 15 degrees and is the salah performed valid?

Q: If I have not read my asar Salaah and there is five or seven minutes until Magrib, can I read my Asr or is it too late?

Q: I'm on my way to durban and I want to know if I can read on the way zohr and asr together?

Q: What is the mas'alah regarding Isha Salaah in the city of Chicago U.S.A. According to the Salaah timings calendar there are 2 timings for Isha Salaah i.e. Isha 1 & Isha 2 (the time difference between them is about 30 mins). Isha 1 corresponds to the disappearance of shafaq-Ahmar (15 degrees) and Isha 2 corresponds to the disappearance of shafaq-abyadh (18 degrees). At the moment the masaajids mostly follow Isha 2 due to "ihtiyaat". But the place where I will be performing taraweeh, if we follow Isha 2 then we will be finishing our taraaweeh around midnight (due to Isha 2 starting around 10:40pm). It will be quite difficult for the musallees due to sehri ending around 3:15am. The person in charge left it up to me to decide whether to follow Isha 1 or  Isha 2, but they will be pleased  if I follow Isha 1. What is the best thing for me to do?