Times of Salaah

Q: How many minutes before sunrise is fajar Salaah accepted?

Q: If the sun sets while someone is praying Asar, is it complete?

Q: I started praying Maghrib Fardh about 30-31 mins after Maghrib started (according to the calendar) and finished 41 mins or so after Maghrib started. I am not sure if I performed it on time as it was already dark outside. Do I make up the prayer or is it valid because my intention was to pray the fardh of maghrib? I also prayed 2 sunnah what about them?

Q: Is it ok to sleep before esha and then wake up and perform Isha before the morning? Is it right to perform Isha at 1 o'clock? 

Q: One has an atomic wrist-watch. That is a watch that runs exactly on the second with the atomic clock setting. If sunrise on the prayer calendar is at 7.00 and one finishes Fajr salaah at 6.59 and 58 seconds i.e. 2 seconds before 7.00 o'clock. Is the Fajr salaah valid? And what if it was finished 1 second before 7.00 o'clock?

Q: When does the time for zuhr end according to the Hanafi fiqh? Does it end when the Shaf'iee asr time starts or is it after?

Q: It has been some time ago that I had read something in Ma'aariful Quraan of mufti Shafi' sb (RA) and I just cannot remember in which volume it appears. The discussion was on the namaaz times in those countries where they have six months day lite and six months night. First time I had read that explanation and I'd like to read it again but just cannot find it. Will it be possible to let me know under the tafseer of which aayat I will be able to find it?

Q: Following your question regarding making qadha of a fajr salaah started before sunrise but went over sunrise time whilst in salaah, what would one do if it is at a non makrook time? I.e. Asar beginning is at 3pm. One started zohr at 2.58 and finished at 3.05pm? What should one do and what is the condition of his salah?

Q: Nowadays we use a prayer time chart but we hear from Darul Uloom Deobond that this is not accurate and they quote a hadith that for calculating the time of Esha salah we have to calculate the time difference between the rising and setting of the moon in every 3rd day of the current lunar month. Suppose the difference is 1 hr 47 minute then Esha will be 1 hr 47 minuets after Magrib for the same complete month and the process will continue. What is the truth?

Q: I will be sailing on a ship from Cape Town to Sydney in Australia. Since I will be losing time going East. How can I calculate the time for Fajr?