Wudhu

Q: I am a Muslim woman and have a permanently damaged toenail due to trauma. Although it is not causing physical problems, the appearance of the nail causes me significant embarrassment and distress and affects my confidence. 

I am getting married soon and would like to know whether it is permissible to use a cosmetic toenail reconstruction or similar treatment to restore the appearance of the damaged nail. My intention is not simply beautification, but to conceal and correct a defect that resulted from injury and that causes me considerable emotional distress. 

If such a treatment forms a layer over the nail, how would this affect the validity of wudu? Is there any allowance in this situation, or would it need to be removed for wudu?

Q: What is the ruling on wiping the neck in wudu? 

Some scholars say that it is Bidah and that wiping the neck is an innovation hence I would like for you to please clarify on this.

Q: ​Does normal white vaginal discharge break wudhu in Hanafi Fiqh?

Q: I have scratched the inside of my eye, which is leading it to constantly tear up. Are these tears impure because my eye is sore when I close it and it gets teary and the tears have went on my bed.

Q: Does mosquito sucking one's blood break wudu? 

What if the mosquito took so much blood that if killed, the blood would flow?

Q: Will my wudhu be valid if I use earseeds? It involves placing adhesive pellets on the ear pressure points for 3 to 4 days at a time.

Q: What is the ruling of drinking the leftover water of wudhu (fadl wudhu) whilst standing? 

In Dars Tirmizi (vol. 1, pg. 259) — taken from Duroos Madaniyya of Moulana Husain Ahmad Madani رحمة الله عليه — it is mentioned that Ibn Abidin (al-Shami) did not regard it as mustahabb, and that the ahadith on this issue cannot be used to establish istiḥbab. 

However, in Fatawa Mahmoodiyyah (vol. 8, pg. 123) the words of Ibn Abidin (al-Shami) in Radd al-Muhtar are quoted as proof that drinking fadl wudhu whilst standing or sitting is mustahabb. 

My questions are: 

1. According to the Hanafi madhhab, is drinking fadl wudhu mustahabb or not? 

2. What is the correct position of Ibn Abidin (al-Shami) in this matter? 

3. If it is mustahabb, is it specifically recommended to drink it while standing, or is sitting still better? 

4. How should the apparent contradiction between Duroos Madaniyya/Dars Tirmizi and Fatawa Mahmoodiyyah be reconciled?

Q: I put a plaster on the back of my mother's foot at around isha as she had a blister. She still had it on until the next day Maghrib because she forgot about it. Are her prayers invalid?

Q: From my understanding, the hair transplant treatment is permissible. After having it done, one is required not to let water touch the scalp for about 3 days. How then should one do masah?