Zakaat

Q: Can Zakaat be given to Muslim children but parents are Non Muslims?

Q: I own a home-based online shop. I would like to know the following: 

1. Do I calculate zakāt on the selling price or cost price of unsold inventory? 

2. Are customer receivables (orders shipped but not yet paid) zakatable on my yearly zakāt date? 

3. If goods arrive only two days before the zakāt anniversary, must they be included?

Q: Is it permissible to give money to non-Islamic charities like Wateraid or Sightsavers?

Q: If I give my minor child pure gold jewellery, do I have to pay zakaat on it?

Q: Can I give sadaqah on behalf of myself and my wife to a non-Muslim?

Q: I sponsor a Hifz Orfan which means I sponsor a child to become a Hafiz and to get an education and to have healthy meals throughout the day but the charity I do it through which is called Penny Appeal has links to Shia Islam. 

I googled Penny Appeal and it says 'Penny Appeal is a non-denominational international humanitarian organization and does not identify as exclusively Shia or Sunni'. It also says 'Penny Appeal serves beneficiaries from all backgrounds regardless of religious affiliation'. So the children I sponsor could be Shia or Sunni or they could be Shia when they hit puberty. So what shall I do? Shall I cancel the donation or keep it going?

Q: I would like to inquire: if an individual deliberately refuses to pay Zakaat, does the Imaam al-Muslimeen have the authority to compel him to discharge this obligatory duty? 

I have read that the Fuqaha make a distinction between amwaal-e-zahirah and amwaal-e-batinah. Could you kindly explain this further and provide references from the books of Fiqh?

Q: A baby (8 months) has been in hospital since birth. The child has many health complications. The hospital bill has reached an all time high and the parents as well as family members are unable to pay the bills. 

The family are not Zakaatable. What is the fatwa with regards to starting a Go fund me page for this child?

Q: I would like to know if I can pay zakaat in the form of making a set of spectacles (frame & lens) to a patient that cannot afford / or where the parents of the child (15 year old) are in financial difficulty and can accept zakaat, based on what we know of the family.

Q: I am sahib-e nisaab Alhamdulillah, however my regular monthly pay mostly gets consumed by the next pay date. If I receive my pay on the zakaat anniversary date, should I include that pay's amount while calculating zakaat, or whether I should calculate the zakaat on my remaining assets after deducting the following month's expenses? 

Also, what sort of future expenses are permitted to be deducted before calculating zakaat on one's zakaat anniversay date?