Tahaarat

Dried up impurity on one's carpet

Q: On my house carpet, sperm and urine has been on the carpet, however it has dried up and there's no trace left. Does the impurity from this area of the carpet transfer to people who step on the carpet? If not, what if someone with wet feet steps on the area. Also, does impurity transfer when it is wet or damp?

Water splashing when making istinja

Q: I am facing a weird issue for the past couple of weeks. I have observed that while performing istinja on an Indian toilet, the water splashes from the toilet surface and there is a chance that these splashes might end up on one's body, clothes or shoes.

What is the Islamic ruling for such splashes? From my part, I try very hard to avoid water from splashing but the water ends up splashing anyways. 

Intention when making tayammum

Q:

1. Is niyyah necessary for tayamum?

2. Do I have to specify that I am doing tayamum for wudhu or for ghusal?

3. Do I have to specify that I am doing tayamum for a specific reason i.e for praying salaah, for janaazah, etc.?

4. If I do tayamum for janaazah, can I pray salaah with that tayamum?

5. Is tayamum valid without niyyah?