Sunnah & Nafl Fasts

Q: If a female has Ramadhan qaza fasts to make up, would she get the reward of specific nafl fasts (e.g. arafah day) if she chooses to make qaza of farz fast on that day?

Q: A day before yesterday one of the elders in my family told me to fast after praying tahajjud on Thursday to make a specific dua to Allah Ta'ala. So I did, but today when searching through the net I found that it is forbidden to fast on a Friday? Is it permissible to fast on a Friday only?

Q: Is it sunnat to keep nafl fasts every week Mondays and Thursdays or the 13th, 14th and 15th of every lunar month?

Q: Regarding the fasts of Aashura, I came across an article that states: In fact Hafiz Ibn Hajar (rahimahullah) states: Fasting on the ninth, tenth and eleventh of Muharram is on the highest level of preference. (Fathul Bari, under Hadith: 2000) Is this correct? Can it be practised?

Q: Can one quote and practise on the Hadith which explains that fasting for each day in the month of Muharram equals fasting for an entire month?

Q: Some people say that it is not makrooh to fast only on Ashura, the tenth of Muharram, because it is no longer the practice of the jews in today's times. Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) mentioned in the Hadith that we should not only fast on the tenth as we will be resembling the jews. Since the jews no longer fast on the tenth of Muharram, it will no longer be makrooh for Muslims to only fast on the tenth. Furthermore, they cite the following quotation of Badaai'-us-Sanaai' in support of this claim. Is this view correct? If not, then what is the correct explanation of the following quotation?

وكره بعضهم صوم يوم عاشوراء وحده لمكان التشبه باليهود، ولم يكرهه عامتهم

Q: What is the reward for fasting on Mondays and Thursdays?

Q: Would it be makrooh to keep one of the six fasts of Shawwal on a Friday without a fast before it?

Q: Is it permissible to fast on the 12th Rabiul Awwal (the day of meeladun Nabi (Sallallahu alaihi wassalam)), in happiness of the birth of the prophet Muhammad (Sallallahu Alaihi Wassalam) without thinking of it as compulsory or is it a bidat and a sin?

Q: I was recently informed by a friend that there is no need to fast on the 9th or 11th of Muharram together with the 10th in this era, as the element of tashabbuh (emulation) of the Jews is no longer found. Is this correct?