Ramadhaan & Fasting

Q: Is it permissible to apply oil to the scalp or body while fasting?

Q: We went for umrah in Ramadhaan. We left a few days after Ramadhaan started.

South Africa fasted 30 days. Saudi also fasted 30 days. But they started Ramadhaan and finished one day earlier.

Because we were in Saudi for Eid, we only fasted 29 days in total actually.

So, do we need to keep qaza of one fast, because both countries had full 30 days but due to spending Eid in Saudi we only fasted 29?

Q: I missed two days of fasting in Ramadhaan due to menstruation and I have missed 15 days of fasting from the previous Ramadhaans. In order to obtain the reward of fasting six days in Shawwal, must I make up all 17 fasts first or only two?

In addition to this I forgot to keep the intention for some of the fasts of Ramadhaan, must I make an estimate and make up these fasts? If yes then should I do this also before fasting the six days of Shawwal?

Q: A person has wudhu and wants to go make a fresh wudhu during sunnah itikaaf. Is it permitted?

Q: Will sadaqatul fitr be discharged if the father discharged it on behalf of his baaligh children (who have above the nisaab amount but he still looks after them) but they were only informed that the sadaqatul fitr was discharged in their behalf a few days after Ramadan ended. He pays their sadaqatul fitr every year but forgot to actually mention it to them this year before discharging it.

Q: Will the fast break if sperm comes out while urinating?

Q: I wanted to know if a pregnant (9 months) woman is exempted from fasting during Ramadhan even if she’s not sure if it would be critical to her or her child’s health, and what would be considered to be a valid reason to not fast?

Q: Would it be permissible for a female who needs to use a disposable catheter to use it while fasting, if she needs to use it due to medical reasons. The catheter is inserted into the bladder, using a lubricating gel.

Q: A brother ate past Fajr starting time for his nafl fast and so his fast is broken, and he will need to do qadha. However will he also need to practice imsaak throughout the day?

Q: If a person wants to sit sunnah itikaaf but the person's company requires him to work for about 4 hours per day remotely for a few days of the itikaaf. Will the person be allowed to work off their laptop?