Qadha and Kaffara

Q: While fasting, haidh began early in the morning, a few hours after fajr.

1. Is there qadha for this fast?

2. Is the ruling different for fardh fast and nafl fast?

Q: A friend of mine bagan keeping a Shawwal fast. About 10:00 she decided to break her fast although she did not have a valid reason to. Is this permissible? Or does one have to have a valid reason to break a Shawwal fast?

Q:

1. I know a woman must seek the permission of her husband if she wishes to do a voluntary fast, but does she have to seek permission if she has to do a make up (qaza) fast from ramadan?

2. If a woman’s husband is not in the same country as her, does she still have to seek permission if she wishes to do a voluntary fast?

Q: I have to make up for a lot of fasts I missed, as well as for some that were most likely invalid (due to issues with ghusl). Is the following intention permissible - "I intend to fast today to make up for a fast that I missed or one that was invalid".

Q: Concerning the fast for Mondays, I went to sleep the night before intending to wake up to fast, then I woke up before sunrise and made the intention that I was not going to fast, and upon shutting my eyes I had once again changed my mind to fast thinking it is before sunrise and that I can do Sehri, however, upon checking the time I realised it was past sunrise and I was confused as to whether it counted as a fast or not, and I regarded myself as a fasting person and when another family member asked me regarding eating I verbally said I was fasting. However, I had a slight fear of not being able to maintain the fast throughout the day and therefore ate something upon making a judgement by reading some previous questions asked on a fatwa website. 

Therefore, Firstly was I counted as a fasting person in the first place?

Secondly, will making up the fast be necessary for me?

Q: If a female has Ramadhan qaza fasts to make up, would she get the reward of specific nafl fasts (e.g. arafah day) if she chooses to make qaza of farz fast on that day?

Q:

1. During Ramadhaan, I was baking a cake and whilst mixing, the chocolate powder went everywhere and I could taste it in my throat. The chocolate powder must have gone down my throat because it got stuck at the back of my throat. When I swallowed, it went down. Did this break my fast, and is kaffarah necessary?

2. Does swallowing (loose) skin on the lips break the fast?

Q: If a couple has Jima (inercourse) in Ramadhaan, the husband is a hanafi and the wife's a shafi. Does the husband only pay the kaffarah? 

Q: Last Ramdhan I was sailing in the sea, and I couldn't fast for most of it. I was Mufter for a period I don't know exactly. What I know is that it is not less than 18 days. Now I am in shore. What should I do?

Q: Suppose a person has missed fasts of so many years. She also has to fast the days of her periods of the previous Ramadan. Can she first fast for the period days and then make up the fasts of previous 5 to 6 years? Or the fasts have to be kept in sequence. By keeping in sequence it might happen that she doesnot get the time for keeping her period fasts before the next Ramadan.