Conditions for the validity of Salaah

Q: If a person prayed without using their Qibla compass, but estimated the Qibla location, but found out they prayed in the opposite direction, is their salat valid?

Q:

1. If the asr time starts at 3.57 and sun sets is at 5.32, what is the mustahab time to perform asr and when does the makrooh time start?

2. If fajr starts at 5.25 and magrib starts at 5.34 what is the mustahab time to pray esha?

3. My salah app shows that sehri or tahajjud time ends at 5.16 and fajr starts at 5.25, Can I pray tahajjud between this time? 

Q: If one has oral surgery due to having a wisdom tooth removed, and therefore has constant bleeding in their mouth for days, are they allowed to join prayers? If so how long are they allowed to join prayers? Is it until the pain ends or until the bleeding stops?

Q: If salah was delayed nearing to the end of its time and the takbeer for commencing the salah was made within the time, for example within dhuhr time, however, the salah was completed when asr time set in then will the salah be counted as a qadha salah or will it officially count and also will this count as missing salah within its time thus meaning one is sinful or will it be sinful for other reasons such as the sin for delaying and is there a difference in severity between these two sins?

Q: Me and my father were in a new town at the time of salaah. My father used some kind of compass and found the Qiblah direction. The next day we found the Qiblah to be different, as my father made some kind of mistake or the compass didn’t work properly, maybe 90 degrees in different direction was what we originally faced. Must the salaah read in the wrong direction be repeated? 

Q: Is prayer acceptable whilst wearing eyelash extensions?

Q:

1. I offered my Asr salah aproximately 30 seconds before the Maghrib Adhan. Will I have to repeat the prayer because I offered it in the forbidden time?

2. I did not have the niyyah of offering the prayer as qadha? Is it necessary to also specify in the niyyah that the prayer is qadha?

Q: Is it permissible that a person can offer Salah in a t-shirt that is half sleeved and does not have any image printed upon it? Also what is the ruling regarding three quarter shorts.

Q: I would like to know how to find the qibla direction without a compass?

Q: Please advise on the following:

1. When exactly around maghrib time is it not advisable to go outside?

2. Is there anything about not going outside after fajr until after ishraaq or is it okay to walk outside after fajr?