Father distributing his wealth during his lifetime

Q: My father distributed his estate during his lifetime. The following questions come to mind:

1. If it was given away in his lifetime, was it necessary to give the brothers double share and if it was done like this, is this valid in shariah?

2. His house was given to my mother with specific instructions to give it to my brother so that in does NOT go into her estate upon her demise. Was this correct?

Making salaam to people who we don't know whether they are Muslim or not

Q: Nabi (sallallahu alaihi wasallam) instructed us Muslims to give salaams to those whom we know and those whom we don't know (among the Muslims). How will we know the individuals we are giving salaam to are Muslims or not since we don't know them? Do we just assume that they are Muslims by looking at their clothing, their professions (halaal butcher) or any signs that would be hint of their faith or do we just ask them before giving them salaam?

What happens to a partnership after one of the partners pass away?

Q: What is the ruling with regards to the share of a deceased who was in a partnership with his/her siblings, or anyone else for that matter?

1. Do the heirs of the deceased automatically become partners in the business?

2. Are the living partners under any obligation to make the heirs of the deceased, partners in the partnership?

3. Does the partnership seize on the demise of a partner? If so, what are the heirs entitled to, and how should the living partners ensure that the heirs receive their due?

Watching sports

Q: I asked a Moulana whether football was halaal or haraam to watch for men, given that the satr of other men is exposed (thigh, etc.). He replied that I should check with a Mufti, but in his opinion it is ok to watch, as this is part of the game. He also said if it was haraam because of this reason, then we wouldn’t be able to leave the house, as we often come across people wearing shorts, etc.

Something in my heart didn’t settle with this answer. In light of the above (satr uncovered, etc.), is it haraam to watch football/mma/similar sports where this occurs? 

Seller keeping advanced payment after canceling a sale

Q: I have done an agreement for sale of property with a person and got X amount as advance payment. Remaining have to paid within 3 months. There was a clause in the agreement that if the buyer is unable to pay the remaining amount or backs off from the deal, I will keep the advance payment as a penalty. (There was another clause for the seller also if he backs off, he will give double of advance taken to buyer).

Now the buyer is backing off and wants to cancel the deal due to unavailability of remaining payment. Is the penalty amount of advance payment halaal for me to keep?

Obtaining the virtue of reciting Surah Sajdah and Surah Dahr in the Fajr Salaah on a Friday

Q: With regards to Friday Fajr salaah: If I read Surah Sajdah in 2 rakaats one week, and the next week read Surah Dahr in 2 rakaats, will I get the fadheelat of the sunnah? Because the musallees are old, and they do not like to read long salaah. For this reason, can I get the reward for the sunnah?

If there's no sunnah reward for this, then how can I get the sunnah reward?