Woman making her salaah qadha due to delaying in checking if her haidh started

Q: I prayed zuhr after it had ended because I'm due to begin my period and earlier when I checked my discharge, it seemed somewhat dark but I still wasn't sure. So I kept checking until before asr. However, I delayed it too long and checked only a few minutes before asr was due to start before I decided I felt more inclined towards me not having started my menses as my discharge appeared repeatedly clear. I ended up doing wudu and praying zuhr after asr began (without doing ghusl). Am I sinful?

Masturbation

Q: Masturbating with the hand is forbidden, whether a person fears adultery or not. However, if adultery cannot be prevented except by it, he should give it precedence over it, committing the lesser of the two evils." 

Query 

Maliki say it is haram even in fear of zina but in necessity, do they say it is permissible or excused or do they say prefer it? What is the meaning of that... In necessity it will be still sin and haraam? Explain the latter statement, what they are saying from However if...two evils.

Woman seeing a brown discharge after 10 days of haidh

Q: I usually get my haidh for 10 days, with the last 4 days typically being just light brown spotting here and there. 

This month, on the 7th day, I noticed clear discharge. By the 9th day, I realised that since then, I hadn’t seen any discharge, so I assumed my haidh had ended. I performed ghusl and made qadha of the missed salaah. 

Later that same day, I noticed a small amount of clear discharge again, with a very tiny yellow dot.

When the 10 days were completed, there was still no more discharge. However, after the 10 days were over, I noticed a small amount of brown discharge. 

Do I need to perform another ghusl? Or did my haidh end on the 7th day?

Ruling regarding a woman who emits a discharge throughout the month

Q: What is the ruling regarding a woman who emits a discharge throughout the month? 

For ±3 days before and after her haidh it is brown in colour. Her bleeding lasts for ±8 days . During the rest of the month her discharge is yellow or white. 

If she regards all coloured discharges as haidh then those days when she is actually bleeding may fall under istihadha?

Hurmat-e-musaaharah not being established by touching one's grandmother or uncle's wife

Q: 

1. If a man touches his maternal grandmother with lust, does the marriage of his mother with his father break? 

2. If a man touches his paternal uncle’s wife (Chacha’s wife) with lust, does his paternal uncle’s marriage break? 

I am dealing with a lot of thoughts about hurmat musahara.

Wife taking her husband's surname

Q: I have heard that you are not allowed to take your husbands surname after getting married according to these verses: 

"Call them by their fathers names; that is more just in the sight of Allah. (Quraan 33:5)" 

The Prophet (sallallahu alaihi wasallam) said: "Whoever claims to belong to someone other than his father has committed an act of disbelief. (Sahih Bukhari 3508, Muslim 61)". 

a. Are these quotes correct? 

b. Is the statement you're not allowed to take your husbands surname after marriage correct? 

c. I know of people who have registered themselves for marriage at Islamic centres and they have asked women if they want to take their husbands surname.