Conditions for the validity of Salaah

Q: How many minutes after sunrise can one pray again? Is it correct that one cannot pray salah as well as quran during sunrise or only salah (qadha)?

Q: Can a person read Salaah with a Topee only and no Kurta?

Q: How many minutes before sunset is it not permissible to make salaah or sajdah-e-tilaawat? Some say atleast half an hour before sunset and some say about three minutes before sunset. 

Q: If blood splashes on my clothes while slaughtering, can I perform my salaah with that clothes? Does the blood have to be a certain amount for it to be impermissible to be read with? What if it was just small dots of blood that splashed on my clothes? If I read salaah with the clothes, is my salaah jaaiz?

Q: Is it permissible for women to read zuhr salaah on Friday before the khutbah since they are not reading jumuah?

Q: My question is regarding namaz. Can one offer namaz without something on his head? I mean topee, cap or hat etc? When we are late for namaz, we rush and join the jamaat ignoring the cap etc. Further, if we are offering namaz at home, can we perform namaz without a cap?

Q: What will be the time for Nafl prayer for our dead relatives?

Q: I have to travel from Dallas to Dubai, how do I calculate onboard prayer time? Flight is for 15 hours approximately.

Q: Is a ladies salaah valid if performed with her baby tied to her back, due to safety reasons when performing salah in a crowded place?

Q: What are the mustahab times for performing all five salaah?