Factors that break and don't break the fast

Q: There was a little blood in my discharge but stopped immediately. It is not my menstrual cycle yet. It's only due to start in 2 weeks? Am I able to carry on with my fast?

Q: I would like to know whether inhaling of medication breaks one's fast? (E.g. Vicks or  a drop of white oil etc in boiling water.)

Q: Does blood coming out from the throat break the fast? What if it goes down in the directly in stomach?

Q: Can someone put mehndi or hair color while she is fasting?

Q: 

1. Does masturbation nullify the fast?

2. If it does nullify the fast, does this person have to stay without eating and drinking for the rest of the day?

3. When he takes ghusl, will he just rinse his mouth and nose or will he gargle his mouth properly and put water properly in his nose?

Q: Is it permissible to use Flavoured Lip Ice whilst fasting?

Q: When inserting eye drops into the eye, the fluid in the eye drains in the sinus passages (the nose and throat). Does this still validate the fast?

Q: What is the ruling about trimming ones hair and moustache and clipping of one’s nails whilst fasting? Is it permissible?

Q: Will the fast break if water enters the anal passage while fasting? How then should a person make istinja whilst fasting?

Q: Is it permitted to apply Vicks on the nose whilst fasting or to inhale Vicks/sniff a nasal inhaler such as fixit or inhale the spray of an air freshener whilst fasting?