Calculating zakaat

Q: As an employee, I am facilitated to take 3 types of loan from my employer.

Loan type 01:

This loan is termed as 'Salary Advance'. In case of emergency, the employee can take a loan from the employer to a maximum of 6 times his basic salary. The lent amount will be deducted from the monthly salary in 12 installments. If the employee leaves the job before the settlement of the loan, then the left amount will be deducted from the gratuity scheme, provident fund, etc.

Loan type 02:

This loan is termed as 'Investment loan'. The employee will receive an amount every year on 1st of June from the employer/company to invest in some particular investment schemes to get tax rebate on yearly income received from the company. The lent amount will be deducted from the monthly salary in 12 installments. If the employee leaves the job before the settlement of the loan, then the left amount will be deducted from the gratuity scheme, provident fund, etc.

Loan type 03:

The employee can take a loan from the compulsory provident fund. The lent amount will have to be adjusted as per agreement with the company. If the employee leaves the job before the settlement of the loan, then the left amount will be deducted from the gratuity scheme, provident fund, etc.

My question is, with a view to calculating zakaat of these loans, how will the lent amounts be considered? Whether assets, liability or amaanat?

Q: I sold my business including the stock before year and invested that money in another business right after selling. Do I have to calculate my zakat year since I have started my first business or from the date when I started my 2nd business? I am in doubt because money which I have invested is from my first business.

Q: If I have given loan to someone, do I need to include this in my asset calculation for upcoming year zakaat?

Q: I have purchased goods for 100 000 for my shop. The year is not completed and I sold my shop for 200 000. Do I have to pay zakaat on this 200 000 on the completion the year since I have started my shop or next year?

Q: One year ago I got married. My wife was gifted with gold from her parents and my parents too. The gold qualifies the "nisab" amount. She is a domestic wife. First I planned to pay zakaat on the the gold in a lumpsum after one year. But being a salaried person I could not do it as per my planning. Now I intend to pay a certain portion of zakaat from my salary each month. Please guide me on how should I calculate zakaat. For example on completion of the first year, the rate of gold was different from now.

Q: I know that zakaat should be paid annually, so I usually pay my zakaat on 22 Zul Hijjah every year. This year, I wish to pay my zakaat in Ramadhaan. Is this permissible, even though one full year has not passed, or do I have to wait until 22 Zul Hijjah again?

Q: I wrote my gate exam. If I get qualified or get a rank then I will get a monthly stipend for my m.tech, around 12 500. Do I have to pay zakaat on that money?

If yes, then tell me the procedure. I mean is it compulsory on me to search for a needy person and give him or can I give it to anyone? Can it be added to an investment for the welfare of people/community by saving for public requirements in villages like for well, hospitals etc.?

Q: I am trying to understand a masala. For example:

Zaid takes a loan of $5,000 from his brother, and his brother tells him to pay $200/month, but Zaid doesn't pay every single month, but on and off. Would it be necessary to deduct however much money Zaid owes his brother of that loan when calculating Zakat or Zaid will not deduct anything because his brother is not asking for the money?

At the same time, Zaid's brother did not verbally mention to him that he has pardoned the debt. Would qiyas—here— be made on مهر مؤجل, in terms of it not being deducted because of عدم المطالبة عادة? 

Q: In your fatwa copied below, please advise if the unmarried girl does not know about (or does not have true possession ) of the jewellery. Minor girls may know it is for them but they have practically no control on it.

Zakaat on gifted jewellery

Q: Many years ago, my maternal grandmother had kept an amount of gold jewellery in order to give it to me in my marriage. Later, my mother took it from her, telling her that she would keep it safely until the marriage. So the jewellery is with my mother. Now, since I am unmarried, I have not received it yet. My question is: Who is responsible for the payment of zakah for that particular gold jewellery?

A: If your grandmother gifted the jewellery to you and your mother took the jewellery on your behalf with your knowledge and consent, then it belongs to you and zakaat is compulsory upon you.

Q: Is is permissible to discharge zakaat of gold and money before one's particular discharging zakat date?