Times of Salaah

Q: I completed my Fajr Salaah at 6:16 AM. The time listed for sunrise on the perpetual timetable is 6:17 AM. Was my Fajr Salaah valid?

Q: Is it permissible to combine 2 prayers? Meaning, is it permissible to pray zuhr and asr during the time for zuhr? or pray zuhr and asr during the time for asr?

Q: Our madrasah teacher once told us that we should wait for a while after Azan and pray around 10-15 mins later (i.e. she was trying to say one shouldn't immediately start praying after Azan). Is it true?

Also, my father told me that there's a Hadith that says that one should quickly pray after Azan. Is there such a Hadith?

Q: Is it permissible to pray asr salaah during the last 20 minutes between asr and maghrib? (If I didn’t deliberately delay it).

Q:

1. If sunset is 6.40, at what time should Salah be performed?

2. If sunrise is 6.25, what is the end time of Fjar Salah?

3. If magrib Salah is performed a few minutes early, will it be valid?

4. If in the absence of a watch, how do we look at the sky to know fajr and maghrib salaah times?

Q:

1. If the asr time starts at 3.57 and sun sets is at 5.32, what is the mustahab time to perform asr and when does the makrooh time start?

2. If fajr starts at 5.25 and magrib starts at 5.34 what is the mustahab time to pray esha?

3. My salah app shows that sehri or tahajjud time ends at 5.16 and fajr starts at 5.25, Can I pray tahajjud between this time? 

Q: If one has oral surgery due to having a wisdom tooth removed, and therefore has constant bleeding in their mouth for days, are they allowed to join prayers? If so how long are they allowed to join prayers? Is it until the pain ends or until the bleeding stops?

Q: If salah was delayed nearing to the end of its time and the takbeer for commencing the salah was made within the time, for example within dhuhr time, however, the salah was completed when asr time set in then will the salah be counted as a qadha salah or will it officially count and also will this count as missing salah within its time thus meaning one is sinful or will it be sinful for other reasons such as the sin for delaying and is there a difference in severity between these two sins?

Q:

1. I offered my Asr salah aproximately 30 seconds before the Maghrib Adhan. Will I have to repeat the prayer because I offered it in the forbidden time?

2. I did not have the niyyah of offering the prayer as qadha? Is it necessary to also specify in the niyyah that the prayer is qadha?

Q: Please advise on the following:

1. When exactly around maghrib time is it not advisable to go outside?

2. Is there anything about not going outside after fajr until after ishraaq or is it okay to walk outside after fajr?