Aqaaid

Q: Are the following Names of Allah Ta'ala? Are these wordings from authentic sources that can be used in Dua? 

(1) Qadih-al-Hajaat 
(2) Dafi-al-Baliyat 
(3) Hal-lal-Mushkilaat 
(4) Mujeeb-ad-Dawat

Q: Is guesswork and speculation considered kufr if one doesn't claim knowledge of the unseen? 

Examples: 

1. A call comes to the phone, I haven't looked at it, and I speculate it's surely x person with very much confidence and it turns out to be them. And I say "look I knew it"(meaning I am so smart that I guessed it correctly not claiming knowing unseen). 

2. In multiple choice type questions choosing any of the answers blindly. Hoping you'd be correct. You don't know the correct answer and you choosing the answer was blind. Like betting. 

3. Someone asks you to guess what's in their hand and you guess. 

4. Saying a particular fictional story would probably end like the person is expecting. 

In short, is speculation and guesswork in which you have strong confidence that you are right and the one in which you don't have it. Is it considered kufr?

Q: I prayed to Allah that I really wanted something and I made I’m not sure like intention I guess or I said that like I’ll be on my kinda best behaviour or just stay away from sins etc. because I wanted that thing. 

Is this permissible to do? To stay away from sinning so that Allah grants you your dua and gives you what u want? Or does abstaining from sin and doing good have to be solely for attaining Jannah? 

Is what I’m doing counting as doing it for Allah’s sake because I feel unsure and don’t want to do it for the sake of gaining something and get no rewards? How can I make it so that I get rewarded and get what I want in regards to a worldly gain I want?

Q: I would like to bring a matter under consideration regarding my husband, as he said that "he will challenge Allah". 

It all happened when I told him that I want to take separation from him and I mentioned that Allah has given me this right, to which he said no I can't and first he said I can bring any Ulamas I want he will send them all flying, they cannot interfere, I will challenge them all, to which I said okay no problem but Allah has given me this right. It's almost 10 years you can't look after me so I will go away myself and then he said "I will challenge Allah ". Listening to this I told him are you gone nuts what are you talking, you can't talk like this. He stood firm on his statement and after that I kept myself quiet, before he says something more bad. 

Just to mention, he was in his full senses, wasn't angry when the topic started. I keep Ulamas away as he has no respect, but please I want to know what to be done with this statement. 

Also his ibadaat is personal, I don't want to bring that in the picture, but want to mention he used to read fajar at the time of sunrise, which always caused a spark between us. He never use to listen. Now he no more reads, even on big nights and on Shabe Barah he told my son Asar time that books are already closed we don't need to make ibadat. I was completely shocked and explained to my son that we have to make ibadah till fajar. So I'm not sure what is his say in religious matters. 

Please I want to know what is the way forward with it.

Q: If a person, due to slip of tongue, said something of kufr while not intending it, is he kafir? 

For example, a person wanting to say that "one who rejects God is not a Muslim" but he accidentally says "one who rejects God is not a kafir" but then he realises and corrects it. Does he have to renew his iman and nikah?

Q: Someone believes there's no worldly harm of listening to music as it has benefits scientifically, however they believe music is still a sin, and that this argument doesn't justify it nor renders the ruling mistaken. And that music is sin. Are they kaafir?

Q: Is boasting about ones sins an act of kufr, if one's belief is that the sin is haraam and wrong.? Like in today's time many people boast about zina, alcohol. etc.  

Q: I was told that on the day of Qiyaamah we will have to pay for our outstanding debts by giving our good deeds to that person. What if the person we owe money to is a non-Muslim? Will our good deeds go to him? What benefit will he get by getting our good deeds?

Q: Which is considered worse, speaking to boys or not performing salaah?

Q: I have dirty thoughts 24/7. I can't do anything simple. Even simple tasks like reading sweet romance no explicit things makes me think bad. What should I do?