Using the nisaab of silver when calculating zakaat

Q: How to calculate the nisab of Zakaat in money? Should we take into consideration the nisab of silver or the nisab of gold? For information, in France, the price of one gram of silver was 0.63 euros in that month, and the price of gold was 40.15 euros. If one takes the nisab of silver to caluclate the nisab of goods in money, the amount is small. Would it be permissible to take into consideration the nisab of gold in this case presented? If it's possible, what would be the amount of nisab?

Earning as a consultant

Q: I am a graduate engineer, and the Pakistan Engineering Council (as I am living in Pakistan and) gives all graduates in engineering a Supervisory certificate. This supervisory certificate is basically for the Contractors firm to hire us as it is mandatory for them to hire at least a minimum amount of engineers to get their self recognized with PEC (Pakistan Engineering Council) to be able to work properly here. It is basically a step to save engineers for un-employment. Now whats happening is here is that the contractors firm are now offering engineers to make a contract with them that they will show the PEC that they have hired you but you will not have to come for the job daily and you neither get the pay on a monthly basis, instead you will get a lump sum amount like about 70k or 80k at once and then the contract will be valid for 1 year and the deal is made that you may come to their project site whenever you want. Like basically you sell your contract for one year and show to PEC that you are working with the firm like a normal employee. Now I want to ask that I am working with a firm as a trainee engineer where my pay is just 8k only and I have not got the pay of last month yet, as our company is not good in paying their employees on time. I want to ask that if I make a contract with another company, and sell my supervisory certificate to them and take a lump some amount (Note: my company does not require a supervisory certificate) and I sometimes visit their project site, will it be Haram? As the last date of renewal of the contractor firm is 31st march, after that my supervisory certificate will be of no value. and I have not heard that any 1 engineer is hired by the contractor firm due to of their supervisory certificate. All of them sell the certificate. My friend has sold it, he says that we are not given our rights so we can do that. but I will do it only when , when I am sure that it is not haram. I do photography as a part time so I need some money to upgrade my camera. 

Zikr and Durood

Q:

1. What's the intention of reciting Allahu Akbar and talbiya? Many times in salah and in other dua's though we do agree the greatness with the heart.

2. What are the wordings of Rasoolullah (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) when reciting darood? Is it same what we use to recite in salah and other daroods? When Rasoolullah (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) is reciting and sending darood and salam on himself, so the wording may change right? Please clarify.

3. What are the wordings that are used by Allah and Angels when sending darood to Rasoolullah (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam). Can we repeat the same when we are sending?

Hajj for a woman without a mahram

Q:

1. In India, most of the ladies have a lot of gold with them, will it be fardh on them to do Hajj if their husbands or other mehrams don't have that much of money to go for hajj. In this case what needs to be done by a woman and her mehram?

2. Many people in India invest money in buying lands and buildings apart from living. So what is the ruling for them regarding Hajj. Since the land comes under exceptional category, what is the ruling make hajj obligatory on them?

Tawbah for committing zina

Q: I have a friend who has commited a sin. He had sex with a prostitute. He is very sorry and disappointed for what he has done. I am very tensed to see him that much disappointed. On his behalf, I want to ask if there is any forgiveness for that sin for him? If there is any, what is tha kafara for him?