Hajj & Umrah

Q:

1. Could you please let me know after how many days from Eid ul Fitr does Eid ul Adha come?
2. Since Yaum ul Arafah comes only once, why do people in India and Pakistan or other countries only follow the calender dates rather than the exact Arafah day.

Q:

1. My wife did umrah with her niqab on (not the one with the cap portruding but the regular). What should be done now?
2. Someone says that if you did umrah, it is not fard to do hajj, even if you are finnacially capable. Please clarify if it is true?

Q: I went for umrah this past summer. After I completed Tawaf and then Saey, I did not get my hair cut until after taking off the ihraam. After Saey, I went to my hotel room and changed from my ihraam into regular clothes before getting a haircut.  Because of this I am told that I need to do dam (sacrifice to Allah for penance/penalty). My question is do I have to do dam in Haram area or can dam be performed anywhere? I am currently in the USA and cannot go back to Haram. 

Q: My question is, I have done niyyah of Hajj this year. If I perform Umra in zil Qada so that I would not need to do tawaf-e-qudoom and directly go to Mina on the 7th Zil Hajj. Is it permissable or I have to do it again?

Q: What is the shar’i ruling in the case where a person (if he is local and his intention is to only do tawaaf and go to Jeddah) passed the miqaat without tying the ihraam? Please answer this query as I have to frequently travel to Jeddah.

Q: What should a female do if her period starts during the Hajj or after leaving her country and on the way to Hajj?

Q:

1. I am adopted. Can I do hajj from my mother's money if its halaal? Will I be rewarded it's blessing and status, will my sins be wiped out? If I do it for the sake and will of Allah,  will the obligation of fard be full filled?
2. What if the money is interest based from a bank, will the fard obligation, rewards, blessings will be given fullfilled to the person doing hajj?
3. What if the money is of my worldly mother's brother's money (Halaal earned), can we do hajj from the money or my mother has to ask permission from her brother first?
4. Since I am adopted, my mother doing hajj alongside me, will her fard obligation be fullfilled? Will her blessings be given to her, wiping all the sins done in the past? Will it affect my hajj status and blessing?

Q: What is the virtue of reading two rakaats in the Hateem?

Q: In Shamail Kubra it is written that we should tie our hands like in salah when sending salaat/salam while standing facing the blessed qabar of our Nabi ṣall Allāhu ʿalay-hi wa-sallam. Is this correct? http://www.archive.org/stream/Shamail-e-Kubra11VolumesByShaykhMuftiMuha…;-- page 109

Q: What do the four madhabs say regarding the permissibility or impermissibility of a person performing Hajj on behalf of someone else before that person has done Hajj for himself?