Ramadhaan & Fasting

Q: When having a cough and wanting to fast (nafl fast), phlegm has to be spit out of the mouth. Can a person fast in this case?

Q: Concerning the fast for Mondays, I went to sleep the night before intending to wake up to fast, then I woke up before sunrise and made the intention that I was not going to fast, and upon shutting my eyes I had once again changed my mind to fast thinking it is before sunrise and that I can do Sehri, however, upon checking the time I realised it was past sunrise and I was confused as to whether it counted as a fast or not, and I regarded myself as a fasting person and when another family member asked me regarding eating I verbally said I was fasting. However, I had a slight fear of not being able to maintain the fast throughout the day and therefore ate something upon making a judgement by reading some previous questions asked on a fatwa website. 

Therefore, Firstly was I counted as a fasting person in the first place?

Secondly, will making up the fast be necessary for me?

Q: If a female has Ramadhan qaza fasts to make up, would she get the reward of specific nafl fasts (e.g. arafah day) if she chooses to make qaza of farz fast on that day?

Q: A day before yesterday one of the elders in my family told me to fast after praying tahajjud on Thursday to make a specific dua to Allah Ta'ala. So I did, but today when searching through the net I found that it is forbidden to fast on a Friday? Is it permissible to fast on a Friday only?

Q: What if one breaks the niyah of روزہ قضا after azan of fajr because he wasnt able to wake up for suhoor. 

Q: Is there any mention in the Quran or Hadith that whoever does not abstain from bad deeds during fasting, it is just as if he is starving himself?

Q:

1. During Ramadhaan, I was baking a cake and whilst mixing, the chocolate powder went everywhere and I could taste it in my throat. The chocolate powder must have gone down my throat because it got stuck at the back of my throat. When I swallowed, it went down. Did this break my fast, and is kaffarah necessary?

2. Does swallowing (loose) skin on the lips break the fast?

Q: If a person thought the athaan went off while fasting in Ramadhaan (he heard the athaan on the radio or someone gave the athaan as a prank) and he broke his fast is the fast valid?

Q: If a couple has Jima (inercourse) in Ramadhaan, the husband is a hanafi and the wife's a shafi. Does the husband only pay the kaffarah? 

Q: My mother, 58, is diabetic and a high bp patient. Contrary to the doctors advice, she observes the Ramadan fasts, alhamdulilah. However, in her young days, she casually skipped many fasts and accordig to her estimation she has skipped around 200 fasts. Given her present condition (Allah bless her with health and life) she might not be able to makeup for those fasts herself in her life.

I know that a son can observe/makeup fast for their parents after their death. Can I observe those missed fasts for her in her life too? If yes then can I now make niyat for my past nafal fasts to make up for her numbers? If initially its a no then would paying only fidya be enough for making up? Please guide on this matter.