Salaah

Q: What is time of zawal and when does it start and end?

Q: Please clarify for me, I had learnt that if I am praying salaah not a Fard and my parents call me I should break my salaah and respond to them. Is this correct?

Further I had done this when praying the Nafl of maghrib. However after seeing to my mother the salaah time expired. Will this Nafl have to be repeated as qazaa?

Q: If one is performing 2 rakaats sunnats of fajr or isha, and he stands up after reciting tashahud in qaidah forgetfully for the 3rd rakaah, what should he do and recite when he sits back down in qaidah?

Q: Do women have to recite Salah in a voice audible to their ears or not?

Q: Are women allowed to offer salah infront of non-mahrams?

Q: Can we offer the first rakah of namaz by standing and other rakaats by sitting?

Q: What is the correct way of tasleem in namaz. What I know is, at the end of salah, should I start saying salam (assalamu alaikum wa rahmatullah) when my head is towards the qibla and continue saying salam while I turn my head towards the right and complete saying salam after I complete turning my head. This completes the first salam. Should I turn my head towards the qibla then I should start saying salam when my head is towards the qibla and continue saying salam while I turn my head towards the left and completes saying salam after I complete turning my head. This completes the second salam.

I have observed the following three cases in case of three imams who are leading prayers. Could you please clarify if the salah is valid in these cases.

1. At the end of salah,the imam turns his head towards the right and after completely turning he says salam. Then he turns his head to the left after completely turning he says second salam. Is salah valid in this case? Why I am asking this question is , I have read somewhere (I guess it is from a shia person) that if you turn your head during salah your salah will become invalid. In this case the imam first turned his head to the right, by the time he starts saying the salam his salah has already become invalid.

2. The imam completes the first salam properly as per my understanding. But he starts saying the second salam when his head is turned towards the right and continue saying the salam while he turns his head towards the left and completes saying the salam after he completes turning his head towards the left. Is salah valid in this case?

3. At the end of salah, the imam completes saying salam when his head is towards the qibla then he turns his head towards the right. Then he turns his head towards the qibla and completes saying salam when his head is towards the qibla then he turns his head towards the left. Is salah valid in this case?

Q: I came across that if I pray for something during my salah, my salah becomes invalid. I have done this many times such as, I prayed ya Allah! My wudu shouldn't break or ya Allah! Give me concentration..does my salah become invalid? 

Q: If someone performs his salaah facing the wrong direction, away from the qiblah, does he have to repeat his salaah?

Q: Firstly I have clothes with short sleeves. All my clothes are these which have almost 3 quarter sleeves. I have almost less than a quarter of my arm uncovered for Namaz. I recently read somewhere that this makes my Namaz maybe invalid. What to do? I have no other clothes with full sleeves other than one or two. I can’t wear them daily.

I go to an academy having male teachers. I cover my head but a little area of my forearm is not covered. So what to do. Do I have to cover the area between my wrists and my forearm or is it fine?