Salaah

Q: What should I do if I pray 3 rakaats instead of 4 rakaats mistakenly?

Q: If Fajr time expires at 7:08am and I finished my salah at 7:08 am, is my salah valid or I have to offer qadha for it?

Q: If a person has a horrible headache, and the motion from standing to sitting to Sajdah etc aggravates it, can one sit for Salaah?

Also if a person has had a very hectic day, and it feels like they are almost about to fall over, is it permissible to sit and read Salaah? 

Q: If the fajar prayer is qaza. Do I need to pray only farz for qaza of Fajr or both Farz and Sunnah? 

Q: I have been praying since my teenage years but I still missed some prayers at my early age. How can I complete those qaza prayers? 

Q: I live in USA and the Masjids are too far from our houses. We don't hear the sound of Azaan at home. We have an Azaan clock at home but at my workplace I don't have an Azaan clock.

My question is that if we dont hear the Azaan and its the time of prayer, do we need to say Azaan before prayer? 

Q: I had sex last night and I did not pray because the weather was cold. It wasn't too cold because there is a source of warming the water but its usage is limited. I couldn't warm the water till 8:00 am so I prayed after 8:00 am. Was it correct?

Q: Is it sinful to shorten a prayer if you’re either afraid if you don’t, then someone might come in the room and mistakenly walk in front of you or because you don’t want them to hear you (I deal with anxiety)?

A few weeks ago, I shortened a prayer once by leaving some sunnahs due to the first scenario. Do I have to repeat it?

Q: If there is a tv in a room, can salaah be performed in the same room? If the tv is at the back of the room and the volume is on mute, what would then be the ruling for the salaah to be accepted. 

Q: How should a new Muslim perform salaah if he/she does not know any verses of the Holy Qur'aan?