Salaah

Q: I am a 33 year old woman. I am the maternal aunt of my 12 year old nephew. Is it permissible for the both of us alone to perform umrah. 

Q: A woman who is taking a plane to Johannesburg from Durban will become a musafir once she leaves the towns boundary. So does that mean a mahram needs to be with her from the time she exits the town or can he meet her at the airport?

Q: Is the salaah valid if one part of clothing was very slightly see through, but the salaah was prayed in the dark where an onlooker would never be able to notice, and the woman praying didn't even notice either? The colour of the skin was seen but only slightly to the point where it wouldn't be apparent unless one looked a little more closely (in normal lighting)?

Q: An adopted girl aged 39 would like to embark on Umrah with her foster mother's brother, as she does not have a mahram. Will it be permitted as she grew up with them since she was 6 weeks old?

Q: Does the whole forehead have to touch the ground in sajdah?

Q: I want to stay home to focus on my studies and quit outside because whenever I go outside home I get distracted. Can I pray Salah at home rather than in the mosque?

Q: Please advise on the following situation: 

My wife has one sister, who is younger than her and unmarried. Their mother passed away last year. Her sister is working and currently stays alone. 

My wife has asked if her sister can join us on holiday as she has no one to travel with. 

Furthermore, my wife has proposed that if I do not agree to her sister joining us on holiday, she will have no option but to travel alone with her sister and our children to either Durban or Cape Town.

 My wife does not feel comfortable leaving her sister alone at home, nor does she feel comfortable with her sister travelling alone. 

Please advise if any of these options put forward by my wife are permissible. Are there any other options that can be considered?